The present perfect tense is a perfect tense used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present. (The word perfect in its name refers to the idea of completion—of being now finished—rather than to perfection in the sense of "no flaws".) "I have finished" is an example of the present perfect. The present perfect is a compound tense in English (and in many other languages), meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "finished" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.

Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form :
- I have arrived
- I have not arrived
- Has she arrived ?

Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The pattern :
(+)S+had+VIII+complement
(-)S+had not+VIII+complement
(?)Had+S+VIII+complement

Example :
(+)We had eaten before they come
(-)We had not eaten before they come
(?)Had they eaten before we come ?

What is appointment?
Appointment is word to the readiness and capability to do or not something.

What would we say to make an appointment:
• I wont to make on appointment to see…
• I’d like to make appointment with…
• Can I come and see you?
• I’ll be there...

Accepting on appointment:
• All right...
• No problem...
• See you there...
• I’m free on...
• Be there on time.
• I’ll be wait for you.

Example of Appointment: 
Tomy: I want we can meet at hotel restaurant to have at dinner at 08.00 PM can you…? 
Rio: Ok!see you there.

The definition of gaining attention:Gaining attention is attitude to show to ask attention from the other people.The purpose is to find attention.

When we try to pay attention,we may use:

1. Look at me!
2. Hey!
3. Excuse me...
4. Hello there..

To respons the expressions about something,we can use:

1. I'm listening
2. I'm ready to hear now
3. I'm looking

¨Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.”

In writing an announcement, keep the following points
1. The title/type of event,
2. Date/time, place and
3. Contact person

You can hear announcements at an airport or at a train station. They tell important information — for example, which airplanes are arriving or departing, and how to get on these airplanes.

Example of announcement
"AQUARIUS P=OPENING"

DATE:
Tuesday, June 9th, 2000

TIME:
Networking 5:30 pm, Dinner 6:30 pm, Program 7:15 pm

TICKET PRICE:
$20

DESCRIPTION:
Our speaker will be:

Rico Rawkin,
Boss of Aquarius


LOCATION:
Aquarius Hotel
61 I-463 south (at imam bonjol)
323-0987

FOR MORE INFORMATION AND DINNER RESERVATIONS:

Please call the AITP Voice Mail System at 456-1456
Or email us at aqua.rius@itmweb.com

Visitors are always welcome.
RESERVATIONS ARE IMPORTANT.

• Orientation

• Events

• Re-orientation

Contoh Teks Recount:

CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic
First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o'clock we left for school.
We had a great day.

1.Simple Past Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan tidak ada hubungannya dengan masa sekarang.
Ciri penandanya :
Last week, yesterday, last years, ago
Rumus Nominal :
You/They/We+to be (were)
I/He/She/It+to be (was)
-I was here last night
-They were happy last week

Rumus Verbal :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+Verb II
-I went last week

2.Past Continuous Tense
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau.
Rumus :
I/He/She/It+was+VI+ing
We/You/They+were+VI+ing
-I was writing a lesson all day, yesterday
-They were studying math yesterday

3.Past Perfect Tense
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa lalu yang sempurna selesai sebelum perbuatan lain dilakukan.
Rumus Nominal :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+had+been
-He had been at home

Rumus Verbal :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+had+VIII
-I had left before my parents come

4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa lampau yang berlangsung sebelum terjadi peristiwa lain.
Rumus :
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+had+been+VI+ing
-When I came from Amsterdam in 1995, she had been living there about 5 years.

When I was young, every night before bed, my mother used to tell fairy tales. My mother told me about 'Batu Banama', including the type of story 'Batu Banama' Folklore.

It is important to know that the social function of the narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will tell the story with amusing way. It provides an esthetic literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written based on life experience. In literary term, experience is what we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It is build using descriptive familiar language and dialogue. There are some genres of literary text which fit to be classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:
Folktales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic tales
Mysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction
Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story. To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of episodes which holds the reader’ attention while they are reading the story.
Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This conflict among the characters will drive the story progress. In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters face the problem and how they have ability to handle that problem


Example of Narrative Text: "The Smartest Parrot"

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”

Analysis the Generic Structure:
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.

Happiness Expression

Happiness Expression is expression from someone to other people to gave happiness feeling.
Happiness expression usually used when we hear about good news or happy news.

HOW TO EXPRESS HAPPINESS:

• I'm glad to know that
• I'm so happy to know it
• I'm very pleased
• I'm very happy to hear that

Definition
An expression of feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people in unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition.

Several expression of sympathy

• Poor you
• Oh no!
• How awful
• How terrible
• Oh dear
• I’d like to expression my deepest condolence
• I’m really sorry to hear that
• What a nuisance
• That must have been awful

The example
Dio : oh.. my hand has been cut by your knife from you
Ria : sorry Dio… I’m sorry about that… I’m really not designedly do it.
Frant : please carry me now to hospital!

Definition
Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The different between instructions and request
Instructions (also called imperatives). Instructions require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually "you" (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the "naming" form - the vocative is used.
Requests are often questions, though indirect requests may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition of "please" or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English requests are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability ("can", "may" etc) are very often used.

Giving Instruction divisible consist instruct that is
Order, prohibition.

Order (verb I + object)

• Close the door,

• Please Read this book! 

• Stop crying Gilzim!

Prohibition (don’t + verb I + object)

•  Don’t open the door

•  Don’t cut this paper

•  Don’t come here

In each area must have a signature food of each, such as in Kalteng. Kalteng special food that is 'Juhu Singkah'.

The generic structures of procedure text are
1. Goal/aim (or title)
2. Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
3. Utensils
4. Steps (the actions that must be taken)

Example of Procedure Text

Goal/aim: "How to Make "Juhu Singkah"
Materials: 2 rattan, yellow squash, string beans, onions, salt, keminting, turmeric, pepper, coconut milk. Utensils: Spoon, bowl, and pot .
Steps:
1. all ingredients until finely pulverized
2. washed rattan new first boiled 
3. rattan then inserted into the pan until cooked 
4. then just enter the ingredients that have been finely pulverized 
5. enter the coconut milk 
6. wait a few minutes, after boiling Juhu singkah ready to serve

Do you know about invitation? 
Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go a place or to do something.

Formal invitation is usually originate from institute, companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
Example:David York&Darnelle Devereaux
request the pleasure of your company
at their wedding
Saturday, the third of May
at three o'clock
in their home
534 North 33th Street
Seattle, Washington
Reception immediately following
Informal Invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
Example:
Sid:Ralph,would you come to my party at Sunday?
Ralph:That would be great.What tie is the party?
Sid:you can come at five.
Ralph:Okay!thanks for inviting me.
Sid:you are welcome. 

If we want to invite someone we can use:

• I would you like…?
• Shall we…?
• I’d like invite you to...

If we want to accept invitation,we can say:

• Okay...
• Sure,i'll come...
• All right...

Do you know about greetings ???

Greetings is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.

How do you greet other people ???
1.Good = Morning,Afternoon,Evening,Night.
2.Hello = Friend,....(Name of someone)
3.How = Are you ?, Are you getting along?, Are you doing?
= Fine, thanks
= Pretty good, thanks
= I'm well, thanks
= Not bad, thanks
4.How's = Everything with you ?, Life ?

How do you introduce yourself ???
-Let me introduce my self, my name is ....
-Hello, I'm ....
-Hi, I'm .... You can call me ....
-Hello, My name is ....

How do you introduce other people ???
-I would like to introduce ....
-I would like you to meet ....
-Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is ....
-How do you close or end conversation ???
-Well i should be going now. See you !
-Well i must be off now. I'll talk to you later !
-I'm sorry, but i have to go now, It's been nice talking with you. See you later !

How do you close or end conversation ???
-Well i should be going now. See you !
-Well i must be off now. I'll talk to you later !
-I'm sorry, but i have to go now, It's been nice talking with you. See you later !