Build Up :Attic =People store things in the attic.
Ballroom =A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.Box Room =A small room used for storage.Cellar =Underneath the house.Cloakroom =A small room where people put their coats.Conservatory = A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room =A room where people eat.Drawing Room =A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room = A room in large houses where games are played.Hall = The entrance passage to a house.
Larder =A small room used for the storage of food.
Library =A room where books are kept.
Lounge =Another name for living room.
Music Room =A room where people play music.
Office =A room where people work.
Pantry =A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.Parlour =Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room =Another name for living room.
Spare Room/Guest Room =A room where guests sleep.
Toilet = A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room =A room where appliances such as washing machines are used

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.Only transitive verbs are used in the passive.
Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.Pattern: be + past participle

Example:
- The boy are listening to a story.The story was being told by grandfather
- Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
- Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
- Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
- Snow white ate a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
- Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
- Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
- Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
- Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
- Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white.

Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m affraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..It was Sunday morning, Roy got dressed and had breakfast quickly. he was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Roy : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Roy : Oh, my god. I thought it’s a school day !

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Putra : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr . Kane?
Mr. Kane : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this coffe tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Putra: Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much* That would be very nice

Simple Future tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
Formation of sentences
1. Positive( + ) S + shall/ will + V1
Ex :- I shall clean the room
- We will go to schoolOr( + ) S + be + going to + V1
Ex :- I am going to play tennis- He is going to write a story

Notes : "shall" just can use for subject "I and we"
2. Negative( - ) S + shall/ will + not+ V1
Ex :- I shan't buy a shirt- He won't clean the room
Or( - ) S + be + not +going to + V1
Ex : I am not going to give a present

Notes : shall not = shan't, will not = won't
3. Interrogative( ? ) Shall/ will + S + V ?
Ex : Will we playing tennis ?
Or( ? ) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex : Is she going to write story ?

1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of wordscontaining a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun orpronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

- Kinds of noun phrases :
a.Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b.Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath.
c.Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing balld.
d.Pronoun + Noun, example : My booke.
e.Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen

- The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Example
1 :Shaggy : Do you like books ?
Jojo : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy : Do you like books over there?
Jojo : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Jojo : Yes, I like it.

Example 2 :
- Nicko was late( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)- Some noun phrase are short :* The student- Some are long :* The very tall education consultant.

Definition:Finite verbs (sometimes called main verbs) are verb forms suitable for use in predicates in that they carry inflections or other formal characteristics limiting their number(singular / plural), person, and tense(past / present etc). Finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence.

For example
I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs* (to) walk is an infinitive.
I lived in Germany.* "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb. Examples
The truck demolished the restaurant.
The leaves were yellow and sickly.

News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

- Generic Structure
* Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
*Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
* Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event

- Signification grammar features :
* Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
* Generally using simple past tense
* Use of material processes to retell the event
* Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
* Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
* Focus on circumstances
* Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences

A To understand this lesson is easy.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program.
To play football must be fun.
It is fun to play football.

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure:
▪ Identification
identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description
gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups
Example of Descriptive Text:
Natural Bridge National ParkNatural Bridge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numimbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short one-kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeque, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)

We use quotation marks (“__________”) and it should be world for word

For Example :
Nicky said, “it’s hot
Or
“it’s hot, “Nicky said”

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word

Indirect Speech is sometimes called reported speech

The tense usually changes when reporting speech this is because we are usually talking about a time in the post and obviously the person who spoke or ginally spoke in the past.

The verbs there fore usually have to be in the fast too

- Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sent are : Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
- Don’t forget to mention the indirect object father warned me motto drive fast
- When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by that–clause?
Example : My mother said that she got up at 5 O’clock
- When reporting verbs is in the present, present perfect, or future, there is no change of tense in the words reported
Example :
- She will tell you
- She has just haid

In times expressions and pronouns
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now Then
Today/Tonight That day/ That night
Last week The previous week
Ago Before

Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions the reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

Modals
present Past
can could
will would
shall should
may might


1. Could + Verb base
to offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.
But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river
very well and faster.

to express polite requests
Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base
for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

to express polite requests
Example:
Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem

3. Should + Verb base
to give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Daddy : Putra, you should study tonight.
You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putra : I will, Dad.

Debby : You should paint your house, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

to express the subject’s obligation or duty
Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.

4. Might + Verb base
to tell possibilities
Example:
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

To express polite requests
Example:
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and
I don’t know when he’ll return it.

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution
Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.
Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

Example of narrative text :
Rapunzel
A long time ago there lived a young couple, a man and his wife, his wife was expecting their baby. She wanted a plant that only grew in her neighbor's garden, she wanted it so much. She even intended to steal it herself, but later on, she sent her husband to steal it.Unfortunately, mother Gothel, the owner of the garden, caught him doing it. She was a witch. Then, mother Gothel forced the couple to give their first baby to her.A few months later, the baby was born. It was a girl and named Rapunzel. Soon, this baby was taken away to live with mother Gothel. Rapunzel grew to be a beautiful young girl with her long golden hair. At first she was cared for in a normal way. When she reached puberty, she was locked in the forest. It could only be entered by climbing on Rapunzel's long hair. To cheer herself up, she loved to sing.One day, a young prince was out hunting. He stumbled upon the tower. He heard Rapunzel's beautiful voice. He decided that he must meet her. He spied and, by watching Mother Gothel, learned the words he has to say to have Rapunzel drop her hair. The Prince visited her often and the two fell in love.Then, Rapunzel; made a plan to escape from the tower. She wanted to be with the prince. She asked the prince to bring her a skein of silk each time he visited. She might weave a ladder for her escape. Unfortunately, Mother Gothel caught on Then, she banished Rapunzel to the desert. She prince blind and he marred the earth searching for his love.
Eventually, they found each other, and prince's eyes were healed by Rapunzel's tears of happiness.

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.
Here are some of the most common:
* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation :
a. Formal Invitation
b. Informal Invitation

How to Write An Invitation :
1.Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
2.Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
3.Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
4.Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
5.Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
6.Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
7.Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.


What does R.S.V.P. mean?
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“ The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Surprises or disbeliefs is an expression that we show/say when we know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.
Expressing Surprise: Responding:
· Wow! What a surprise! >> Yeah!
· That’s a surprise! >> It is.
· That’s very surprising! >> Yup!
· Really? >> Sure.
· What? >> It’s true.
· Are you serious? You must be joking! >> I’m serious.
· You’re kidding! >> No, I’m not.
· Fancy that! >> It is.
· I must say it surprises me. >> Does it?
· I find it hard to believe. >> It is, isn’t it?
Expressing Disbelief:
· I don’t believe it.
· It can’t be true.
· I can’t think of it.
· I don’t trust you.

a. Congratulations is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Some expressions of congratulations:
· Congratulations!
· Congratulations on your success!
· I must congratulate you.
· Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!
· Please accept my warmest congratulations.
· I’d like to be the first to congratulate you.
Expression of congratulations in special events:
· Happy birthday!
· Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
· Merry Christmas!
· Happy New Year!
· Happy Valentine!
· Happy anniversary!
b. Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
· On his/her general appearance
· If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
· When you visit someone’s house for the first time
· When other people do their best
Some expressions of compliment:
· What a nice dress!
· You look great.
· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
· I really must express my admiration for your dance.
· Good grades!
· Excellent!
· Nice work!
· Good job!
c. Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Some expression of gratitude:
· Thank you very much
· Thank you for your help
· I’m really very grateful to you
· You’re welcome
· Don’t mention it
· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
· I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
· I am grateful to your help
Responding gratitude:
· It was the least I could do.
· You’re welcome
· No big deal.
· Don’t mention it.
· It’s a pleasure.
· That’s alright.
· Any time.